Políticas desenvolvimentistas e mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu: capturas contemporâneas / Developmentalist policies and babassu coconut-breaking women: contemporary catches / Políticas desarrollistas y las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu: capturas contemporáneas

Este estudo propõe analisar as relações e os processos de subjetivação de mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu decorrentes das intervenções de políticas desenvolvimentistas em seus territórios de vida e reverberações no Movimento Interestadual de Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Sob a perspectiva ético-estético-política da Cartografia, acompanhamos as narrativas das histórias de vida de 24 mulheres, suas atividades cotidianas e eventos do MIQCB, também analisamos os documentos das políticas. Entendemos que, ao passo que tais políticas de desenvolvimento rural contribuem para a melhoria das condições de vida, em termos materiais e simbólicos, elas também produzem ressonâncias relacionadas ao modo de subjetivação do tipo "empresário de si", que agenciam seus modos de viver, de produzir e de se relacionar consigo e com os outros na lógica capitalista neoliberal. A resistência às capturas neoliberais também estão presentes ao ampliarem as mobilizações coletivas do próprio movimento, articulando com outros na produção de um "comum".(AU)

This study proposes to analyze the relations and the processes of subjectivation of babassu coconut-breaker women arising from developmental policy interventions in their territories of life and reverberations in the Babassu Coconut-breaker Interstate Movement (MIQCB). From the ethical-aesthetic-political perspective of Cartography, we followed the narratives of the life stories of 24 women, their daily activities and promoted events by MIQCB, we also analyzed the policy documents. We understand that while these policies of rural development contribute to improve the living conditions, in material and symbolic terms, they also produce resonances related to the "self-entrepreneur" mode of subjectivation, which has been handling their ways of living, producing, and relating to themselves and others in the neoliberal capitalist logic. Resistance to neoliberal captures is also present as they expand the collective mobilizations of the movement itself, articulating with others, in the production of a "common."(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los procesos de subjetivación de las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu que surgen de las intervenciones de las políticas de desarrollo en sus territorios de vida y las reverberaciones en el Movimiento Interestadual de las Mujeres que Rompen Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Desde la perspectiva ético-estético-política de la Cartografía, seguimos las narraciones de las historias de vida de 24 mujeres, sus actividades diarias y eventos del MIQCB, y también analizamos los documentos de las políticas. Si bien estas políticas han contribuido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres, en términos materiales y simbólicos, también han producido resonancias del modo de subjetivación "autoempresarial", que ha agenciado sus formas de vivir, producir y relacionarse consigo mismas y con los demás en la lógica capitalista neoliberal. La resistencia a las capturas neoliberales también está presente cuando amplían las movilizaciones colectivas del propio movimiento, articulándose con otros en la producción de un "común".(AU)

As startups no contexto da organização capitalista financeira e as subjetividades empreendedoras / Startups in the context of financial capitalist organization and entrepreneurial subjectivities / Startups en el contexto de la organización capitalista financiera y subjetividades emprendedoras

As startups são empresas que apresentam modelos de negócios marcados pela inovação, rapidez, flexibilidade e alta capacidade de adaptação aos mercados. Atuando em diferentes setores socioeconômicos, elas prometem criar e transformar produtos e serviços. A emergência e disseminação dessas empresas ocorrem em um momento histórico de mudanças iniciadas a partir de 1970 e marcadas pelas crises geradas com o esgotamento do paradigma da sociedade urbano industrial. No Brasil, o número desse modelo de negócio apresentou uma expansão expressiva, alcançando a marca de 13.374 nos últimos cinco anos. Atento a esse cenário, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em compreender como sujeitos, grupos e instituições atribuem sentidos à experiência de trabalho nas chamadas startups. Na parte teórica, as condições sociais e econômicas que possibilitaram a emergência e disseminação das startups são analisadas em uma perspectiva crítica. A parte empírica, por sua vez, apresenta depoimentos de empreendedores relatando o contexto geral de atuação nas startups. Ao final deste artigo, conclui-se que há uma instrumentalização capitalística de componentes subjetivos específicos selecionados e colocados em circulação para fortalecer o modo de produção capitalista financeirizado.(AU)

Startups are companies that have business models characterized by innovation, speed, flexibility, and a high capacity to adapt to markets. Operating in different socioeconomic sectors, they promise to create and transform products and services. The emergence and dissemination of these companies occur at a historical moment of changes that began from 1970 and are marked by the crises generated by the exhaustion of the paradigm of industrial urban society. In Brazil, the number of businesses in this model showed a significant expansion, reaching 13,374 companies in the last five years. Attentive to this scenario, the objective of this research was to understand how subjects, groups, and institutions attribute meanings to the work experience in so-called startups. In the theoretical part, the social and economic conditions that enabled the emergence and dissemination of startups are analyzed in a critical perspective. The empirical part presents entrepreneurs reporting the general context of action in startups. At the end of this article, it is concluded that there is a capitalistic instrumentalization of specific subjective components that are selected and put into circulation to strengthen the financed capitalist production.(AU)

Las startups son empresas que tienen modelos de negocio marcados por la innovación, la velocidad, la flexibilidad y una alta capacidad de adaptación a los mercados. Desde diferentes sectores socioeconómicos, las startups prometen crear y transformar productos y servicios. La aparición y difusión de estas empresas se produce en un momento histórico de cambios que comenzó a partir de 1970 y que está marcado por crisis generadas por el agotamiento del paradigma de la sociedad urbana industrial. En Brasil, estas empresas se expandieron significativamente alcanzando la marca de 13.374 empresas en los últimos cinco años. En este escenario, el objetivo de esta investigación fue entender cómo los sujetos, grupos e instituciones atribuyen significados a la experiencia laboral en las startups. En la parte teórica, se analizan las condiciones sociales y económicas que permitieron el surgimiento y la difusión de las startups en una perspectiva crítica. La parte empírica presenta testimonios de emprendedores que informan sobre el trabajo en startups. La investigación concluye que hay una instrumentalización capitalista de componentes subjetivos específicos que se seleccionan y ponen en circulación para fortalecer el modo de producción capitalista financiero.(AU)

Diversity, abundance and ecological importance of plant species for medical use in tropical forest of Tingo Maria, Peru / Diversidad, abundancia e importancia ecológica de especies vegetales de uso medicinal de la selva tropical en Tingo María, Perú

Peru is a megadiverse country due to the large number of animal and plant species. Its diversity derives from the different ecoregions present that developed with geological evolution. Much of its plant diversity is contained in the Peruvian Amazon, which includes a large proportion of plant species, many of them endemic. Of this diversity, many plants have been underestimated, and it is believed that more than 50% of them have not been recorded. These scientific gaps also address medicinal plants, their taxonomic identification, phytochemical bioactives produced, mechanisms of action of phytochemicals, and the metabolic pathways involved. These medicinal plants are active against common diseases such as: protozoa, with emphasis on malaria and leishmania, diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, cancer, infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, and fungal), kidney, liver, diarrhea and other health problems. This work is based on the study of a forest area in the district of Rupa Rupa called Reserve Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (BRUNAS) in Tingo María, Peru, which is being highly pressured by the people who live in the surroundings of this forest ecosystem for domestic use, so it is urgent to sensitize the population linked to this natural resource and make known the plants found there with high medicinal potential for the use of the locals, the nation and the world(AU)

El Perú es un país megadiverso debido a la gran cantidad de especies de animales y plantas. Su diversidad se deriva de las diferentes ecorregiones presentes que se fueron desarrollando con evolución geológica. Mucha de su diversidad vegetal está contenida en la Amazonía Peruana que incluye una gran proporción de especies de plantas, muchas de ellas, de carácter endémico. De esta diversidad, muchas plantas han sido subestimada, y se cree que más del 50% de ellas no han sido registrada. Estas lagunas científicas también abordan también a las plantas medicinales, su identificación taxonómica, bioactivos fitoquímicos producidos, mecanismos de acción de los fitoquímicos y las vías metabólicas involucradas. Estas plantas medicinales son activas a enfermedades comunes como: protozoos, con énfasis en la malaria y leishmania, diabetes, inflamación, hipertensión, cáncer, enfermedades infecciosas (virales, bacterianas, y hongos), afecciones renales, hepáticas, diarrea y otros problemas de salud. Este trabajo se basa en el estudio de una zona boscosa del distrito de Rupa Rupa denominada Bosque de Reserva de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (BRUNAS) en Tingo María, Perú, la cual esta siendo muy presionada por los pobladores que viven en los alrededores de este ecosistema forestal para uso domésticos, por lo que es urgente sensibilizar a la población vinculada a dicho recurso natural y dar a conocer las plantas allí encontradas con alto potencial medicinal para el uso de los lugareños, de la nación y el mundo(AU)

Communication management in social responsibility programs in the mining sector / Gestión de la comunicación en programas de responsabilidad social en el sector minero

RESUMEN La responsabilidad social, como una de las respuestas a los actuales conflictos socioambientales, implica esfuerzos adicionales de las organizaciones para fortalecer su capacidad de gestión. Esto sucede, de manera especial, en las compañías mineras, cuyas actividades comprometen el uso de recursos de comunidades, entre ellos los naturales. Esta investigación analizó los aportes que la gestión de comunicaciones hace al relacionamiento con las comunidades en el marco de dos programas de responsabilidad social de los proyectos mineros Quebradona y Gramalote (ubicados en Antioquia, Colombia), adscritos a la compañía Anglogold Ashanti y ganadores del Premio Sello Social a la Minería en Antioquia, siendo dos de los proyectos con mayor exigencia y veeduría ciudadana en la región. Desde una mirada con predominancia interpretativa, y acudiendo a la revisión de documentos y entrevistas a jefes de áreas sociales, comunicadores, beneficiarios y líderes ambientales, se concluyó que el análisis del entorno, la visibilización de los programas y la mediación en los conflictos socioambientales son los principales aportes de los comunicadores en los proyectos mineros.

ABSTRACT Social responsibility, as one of the responses to current sock-environmental conflicts, implies additional efforts by organizations to strengthen their management capacity. This happens, especially, in mining companies, our activities compromise the use of community resources, including natural resources. This research analyzed the contributions that communications management makes to relations with communities within the framework of two social responsibility programs of the Quebradona and Gramalote mining projects (located in Antioquia, Colombia), attached to the company Anglogold Ashanti and winners of the Premio Sello Social a la Minería en Antioquia, being two of the projects with the highest demand and citizen oversight in the region. From an interpretive perspective and going to the review of documents and interviews with heads of social areas, communicators, beneficiaries, and environmental leaders, it was concluded that the analysis of the environment, the visibility of the programs and mediation in socio-environmental conflicts are the main contributions of communicators in mining projects.

Contaminación atmosférica en América Latina: impacto en la salud Y regulación actual - reporte del grupo del Comité de Aerobiología de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Asma, Alergia e Inmunología / Atmospheric pollution in Latin America: impact on health and current regulation - report of the Aerobiology Committee of the Latin American Society of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology

La contaminación ambiental, en todas sus vertientes, tiene un efecto de enormes dimensiones no sólo sobre la existencia del planeta, sino también sobre la salud de la humanidad. América Latina es una región privilegiada ambientalmente, debido a su gran acervo de patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y posibilidades de provisión de servicios ambientales. Pero, a su vez, es una de las regiones más urbanizadas del orbe, con las afectaciones y presión al medio ambiente que esto implica, principalmente en la calidad del aire que se respira, derivadas de antiguos patrones productivos y de ocupación territorial, que se han agudizado como consecuencia del modelo de desarrollo predominante. Los efectos sobre la salud humana de diversas sustancias contaminantes están relacionados a procesos inflamatorios sobre mucosas y al aumento de la morbimortalidad en personas con enfermedades preexistentes, principalmente de los sistemas neurológico, cardiaco y respiratorio, en particular las enfermedades alérgicas respiratorias. La región latinoamericana enfrenta importantes problemas ambientales, determinados por los patrones de uso de sus recursos naturales, los sistemas de producción, los hábitos de consumo de las poblaciones humanas y la regulación gubernamental ambiental, que en muchos casos es laxa o pobremente implementada por los gobiernos en turno.

Air quality, in all its dimensions, has a major effect not only on the existence of the planet, but also on human health. Latin America is an environmentally privileged region, due to its great wealth of natural heritage, biodiversity and possibilities of provision of environmental services. But, at the same time, it is one of the most urbanized regions in the world, with the effects and pressure on the environment that this implies, mainly in the air quality, due to patterns of production and of territorial occupation, which they have exacerbated as a result of the predominant development model. The effects of diverse pollutant substances on the human health are related to inflammatory processes on mucous membranes and to increased morbidity and mortality in people with pre-existing diseases, especially of the neurological, cardiac and respiratory systems, in particular respiratory allergic illnesses. The Latin American region faces important environmental problems determined by the patterns of use of its natural resources, systems of production, habits of consumption of the human populations, and environmental governmental regulation, which is often lax or poorly implemented by the local authorities.

Gestión para la protección medioambiental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba / Management for the environmental protection in the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba

El papel de la universidad en la conservación del medioambiente y la protección de sus recursos naturales se expresa mediante la integración de la dimensión ambiental en el sistema educativo y se dirige a la adquisición de conocimientos, al perfeccionamiento de capacidades y a la formación de valores éticos que favorezcan un comportamiento social y profesional coherente con el desarrollo sostenible. En tal sentido, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba se evaluó el cuidado del medioambiente aplicando la metodología establecida por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medioambiente para la obtención del reconocimiento nacional al respecto, con lo cual se evidenció un avance en la gestión de la Universidad, aunque aún existen aspectos pendientes que se han incluido en la "Estrategia de gestión ambiental" de la institución para avanzar en el desempeño de la protección medioambiental.

The role of the university in the conservation of the environment and the protection of its natural resources is expressed by means of the environmental dimension integration in the educational system and it is directed to the acquisition of knowledge, to the improvement of capacities and the training of ethical values that favor a social and professional behavior coherent with the sustainable development. In such a sense, in the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba the care of environment was evaluated implementing the methodology established by the Ministry of Science, Technology and environment in order to obtain the national recognition in this respect, with which an advance in the management of the University was evidenced, although there are some unfinished aspects that have been included in the "Strategy of Environmental Management" of the institution to advance in the environmental protection performance.

Monocultivos e industrias extractivas en Guatemala: ¿Qué relación tienen la deficiencia institucional, la falta de investigación científica y los impactos ambientales? / Monoculture and extractive industries in Guatemala: What is the relationship between institutional deficiency, lack of scientific research and environmental impacts?

Guatemala es considerado uno de los países megadiversos a nivel mundial. En conjunto, estos países albergan más del 70 % de biodiversidad del planeta, en tan sólo alrededor del 10 % de su territorio. Debido a la diversidad de recursos naturales, no resulta extraño que la economía del país dependa principalmente de estos. El ser una potencia mundial en biodiversidad podría representar múltiples ventajas y oportunidades, pero en realidad la degradación de los recursos naturales es histórica y persiste. Los monocultivos y la industria extractiva son ejemplos de actividades económicas que se han expandido en la región, contribuyendo al deterioro de los recursos naturales. Existe una paradoja, «la maldición de los recursos naturales¼, la cual se refiere a la situación en que países con muchos recursos naturales, suelen tener bajas tasas de crecimiento económico y una explicación es la debilidad institucional. El que existan deficiencias institucionales se relaciona con falta en cumplimiento de ley, una ineficiente regulación y manejo de recursos naturales y su consiguiente degradación. Si a esto agregamos que Guatemala invierte apenas el 0.029% del PIB en actividades de investigación, hallamos otra explicación a estas deficiencias, ya que las instituciones no tienen datos para tomar decisiones fundamentadas. Así se vincula el deterioro ambiental con las deficiencias institucionales, lo cual también se relaciona con poca investigación y reducido crecimiento económico. Aunque estos vínculos rara vez se resaltan, es necesario hacerlo para comprender y promover cambios dentro de un sistema explotador de recursos, que afecta la calidad de vida de los guatemaltecos.

Guatemala is considered one of the megadiverse countries worldwide. Together, these countries contain more than the 70 % of the planet's biodiversity, in only about 10 % of its territory. Due to the diversity of its natural resources, it is not surprising that the country's economy depends mainly on these. This great biodiversity could represent multiple advantages and opportunities, but the reality is that the degradation of natural resources is historical and persistent. Monocultures and extractive industry are examples of activities that have expanded in the region, contributing to the deterioration of natural resources. There is a paradox, "the curse of natural resources", which refers to the situation in which countries with many natural resources tend to have low rates of economic growth and an explanation for this is institutional weakness. The existence of institutional deficiencies is related to lack of compliance with the law, inefficient regulation and management of natural resources and their consequent degradation. If we add to this that Guatemala invests only 0.029 % of GDP in research activities, we find another explanation for these deficiencies, since the institutions do not have data to make informed decisions. This links environmental deterioration with institutional deficiencies, which is also related to little research and reduced economic growth. Although these links are rarely highlighted, it is necessary to do so in order to understand and promote changes within an exploitative resource system that affects the life quality of all Guatemalans.

Saúde dos rios, saúde dos povos e do planeta: um olhar sobre o documentário Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen / Health of the rivers, health of the peoples and of the Earth: an analysis of the documentary Saúde! Velho Chico, by Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen / Salud de los ríos, salud de los pueblos y de lo planeta: una análisis del documental Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido y Eduardo Vilela Thielen

Análise do documentário Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen, tomando-o como registro, a um só tempo, dos padrões históricos de interação com o Rio São Francisco e de alternativas capazes de construir uma relação mais sinérgica e sustentável com as águas fluviais. O filme contrapõe as metanarrativas do desenvolvimento ­ legitimadoras de intervenções como hidrelétricas, barragens, projetos de irrigação para a agricultura industrial e o controverso projeto de sua transposição ­ a formas de relação estabelecidas pelas diversas populações ribeirinhas, das quais a vida, o corpo e as culturas são construídos em estreita simbiose com o rio.

This review analyzes the documentary Saúde! Velho Chico, scripted and directed by Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido and Eduardo Vilela Thielen, taking it as a record of the historical patterns of interaction with the Rio São Francisco (São Francisco River) and at the same time of alternatives based on the building of more synergistic and sustainable relationships with river waters. In this sense, the film contrasts the metanarratives of development ­ which legitimize interventions such as hydroelectric dams, irrigation projects for industrial agriculture as well as the controversial transfer of the São Francisco River project ­ with relationships established by the riverside populations, who have a close symbiosis between their life, body and cultures and the river.

Análisis del documental Saúde! Velho Chico, con guión y dirección de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido y Eduardo Vilela Thielen, entendido como un registro, al mismo tiempo, de los patrones históricos de interacción con el Rio São Francisco (río San Francisco) y de alternativas capaces de construir una relación más sinérgica y sostenible con las aguas de los ríos. La película contrasta las metanarrativas del desarrollo ­ que legitiman intervenciones como represas hidroeléctricas, proyectos de riego para la agricultura industrial y el controvertido proyecto de transposición del río ­ con formas de relación establecidas por las diversas poblaciones ribereñas, que tienen la vida, el cuerpo y las culturas en estrecha simbiosis con el río.

Psicologia ambiental e recursos em sustentabilidade: revisão integrativa / Environmental psychology and sustainability resources: integrative review / Psicología ambiental y recursos de sostenibilidad: revisión integradora

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar, por meio de revisão integrativa de artigos empíricos, a produção científica relacionando a Psicologia Ambiental (variáveis de comportamento/cognição) e sustentabilidade, considerando diferentes recursos. Para efeitos deste estudo, foram analisados os artigos que abordam um recurso único. A busca foi realizada nos periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology e Psyecology, reconhecidos pela relevância internacional em produção científica no campo da Psicologia Ambiental. Foram selecionados 24 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2012 e 2016, a partir dos critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos. Os anos com maior número de publicação foram 2014 (n = 8) e 2015 (n = 8). A maioria dos artigos se refere a estudos realizados na Europa, apenas um trata de pesquisa no Brasil. Os recursos abordados nos estudos abrangeram transporte, produtos, água, energia elétrica, sacola plástica e pastagem natural. Os resultados revisados demonstram que há uma diversidade de conceitos na mediação entre comportamentos/cognições e diferentes recursos, indicando a relevância destas abordagens para a promoção de sustentabilidade. Sugere-se caminhos para pesquisa e intervenção nas relações sustentáveis entre pessoas e recursos disponíveis em seus meios.

The objective of this study was to examine, through an integrative review of empirical articles, the scientific production on the relation between Environmental Psychology (behavior/cognition variables) and sustainability considering different resources. For that purpose, this analysis considered articles approaching a unique resource. Search was conducted in three journals with international relevance in the scientific production of Environmental Psychology: Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology and Psyecology. Following pre-established inclusion criteria, results included 24 articles published from 2012 and 2016. Years with higher number of publications were 2014 (n = 8) and 2015 (n = 8). The articles found refer mostly to studies conducted in Europe; only one article is a research from Brazil. Resources included transportation, products, water, energy, plastic bag, and natural grassland. Results indicate that there is a diversity of concepts mediating behaviors/cognitions and different resources, which reveals the relevance of these approaches to the promotion of sustainability. Research and intervention paths are suggested to sustainable relations between people and resources available in their surroundings.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar, por medio de una revisión integradora de artículos empíricos, la producción científica que relaciona la Psicología Ambiental (variables de comportamiento/cognición) y la sostenibilidad, considerando diferentes recursos. Para los propósitos de este estudio, se analizaron artículos que abordan un solo recurso. La búsqueda fue realizada en los periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology y Psyecology, reconocidos por la relevancia internacional en producción científica en el campo de la Psicología Ambiental. Se seleccionaron 24 artículos, publicados entre los años 2012 y 2016, basados en criterios de inclusión preestablecidos. Los años con el mayor número de publicaciones fueron 2014 (n = 8) y 2015 (n = 8). La mayoría de los artículos se refiere a estudios realizados en Europa, sólo uno trata de investigación en Brasil. Los recursos abordados en los estudios incluyeron transporte, productos, agua, energía eléctrica, bolsas de plástico y pastoreo natural. Los resultados revisados demuestran que hay una diversidad de conceptos en la mediación entre comportamientos/cogniciones y diferentes recursos, indicando la relevancia de estos enfoques para la promoción de la sostenibilidad. Se sugieren caminos para la investigación e intervención en las relaciones sostenibles entre personas y recursos disponibles en sus medios.

Análise da qualidade da água do rio Jaguaribe, em um trecho situado no município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil / Analysis of the quality of Jaguaribe river water, in an area located in the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil

A água constitui-se um recurso natural essencial aos seres vivos presente em todos os processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, o que torna seu acesso indispensável às populações em geral. Diante disso, o presente estudo avaliou as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água proveniente do rio Jaguaribe, no trecho urbano do município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil, visando diagnosticar sua atual situação, e dispor de informações que contribuam para o monitoramento e garantia da sustentabilidade do recurso. A pesquisa foi realizada em um trecho do rio Jaguaribe, que percorre a zona urbana do município de Jaguaribe durante o período seco (Dezembro/2017) e chuvoso (Março/2018), sendo, portanto, dois pontos de coleta, um deles a montante e outro a jusante da cidade, nos bairros conhecidos como "Curralinho" e "Cruzeiro", respectivamente. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos de pH, temperatura, Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e cloreto e as variáveis microbiológicos tais como: Coliformes Totais, Fecais e Escherichia coli, todas as coletas foram realizadas em triplicatas. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram-se mais elevadas no período seco, porém seus resultados mostraram-se dentro dos valores médios verificados em outros trabalhos, salvo os da condutividade. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, não houve diferenças entre o período seco e chuvoso. Porém, em ambos foram encontrados, nos dois pontos de coleta, valores acima das médias estabelecidas pelo CONAMA. Diante dos resultados, constatamos que a contaminação do trecho não pode ser atribuída unicamente à cidade de Jaguaribe, comprovando que esta já chega à cidade com altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente por microrganismos (AU)

Water is an essential natural resource for living beings, present in all the biochemical and physiological processes, which makes its access indispensable to the populations in general. Therefore, the present study evaluated the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water from Jaguaribe River in the urban area of the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil, in order to diagnose its current situation, and to have information that contribute to the monitoring and the guarantee of resource sustainability. the research was carried out on a stretch of the Jaguaribe River, which runs through the urban area of the municipality of Jaguaribe during the drought (December / 2017) and rainy season (March / 2018) constituting, therefore, two collection points, one of them upstream and another downstream of the city, in the neighborhoods of "Curralinho" and "Cruzeiro", respectively. The physicochemical parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride and microbiological variables such as: Total Coliforms, Fecal and Escherichia coli were analyzed, all collections were done in triplicates. The physical-chemical variables were higher during the drought season, but their results were within the mean values verified in other studies, except those of the conductivity. Regarding the microbiological parameters, there were no differences between the drought and rainy season. However, in both points of collection, values above the averages established by CONAMA were found. In view the results, we verified that the contamination the stretch can not attributed only to the city of Jaguaribe, proving that it already arrives to the city with high levels of contamination, mainly by microorganisms (AU)

A cidade no pensamento brasileiro, do século XVI ao século XX / The city in Brazilian thought from the 16th to the 20th century

A afirmação do pensamento urbanístico moderno no Brasil não pôde deixar de enfrentar visões persistentes a respeito do papel das cidades na vida nacional, do caráter, relevância ou validade de nosso processo de urbanização, dos vícios e virtudes do mundo urbano. Para elucidar algumas dessas visões, podemos recorrer a textos formadores da consciência local, dos cronistas coloniais redescobertos no século XIX à emergência de uma concepção dominante de "cultura brasileira" na obra de Gilberto Freyre. Ao longo dessa trajetória transparecem diferentes enfoques, imagens e projeções, em que o mundo urbano é visto ora ostentando sua imponência oficial, ora exibindo suas mazelas morais e físicas, mas na maioria das vezes desaparecendo em favor do quadro predominante de um país "essencialmente" rural.

The assertion of modern urban planning in Brazil cannot evade persistent visions of the role of cities in the country's life, of the relevance, validity or character of our urbanization process, or of the vices and virtues of the urban world. In order to elucidate some of these visions, we may consult formative texts of local knowledge ­ from colonial writers rediscovered in the 19th century to the emergence of a dominating notion of "Brazilian culture" in the work of Gilberto Freyre. Along this trajectory different images and projections can be seen in which the urban milieu is regarded either as the imposing official space of Europeanization, or as displaying its physical and moral deficiencies, although more often simply disappearing in favor of the prevailing image of an "essentially" rural country.

Antioxidant and antiobesity activities of oral treatment with ethanol extract from sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata) in high fat diet-induced obese mice / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Sprouts of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL) were reported to have high contents of flavonoids and potent antioxidant activity. This study examined the antioxidant and antiobesity activities of OL sprouts to determine if they could be a natural health-beneficial resource preventing obesity and oxidative stress.METHODS: OL sprouts were extracted with 50% ethanol, evaporated, and lyophilized (OLE). The in vitro antioxidant activity of OLE was examined using four different tests. The antiobesity activity and in vivo antioxidant activity from OLE consumption were examined using high fat diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice.RESULTS: The IC₅₀ for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of OLE were 26.2 µg/mL and 327.6 µg/mL, respectively. OLE exhibited the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity of 56.7 µg ascorbic acid eq./mL at 100 µg/mL, and an increased glutathione level by 65.1% at 200 µg/mL compared to the control in the hUC-MSC stem cells. In an animal study, oral treatment with 50 mg or 100 mg of OLE/kg body weight for 14 weeks reduced the body weight gain, visceral fat content, fat cell size, blood leptin, and triglyceride levels, as well as the atherogenic index compared to the high fat diet control group (HFC) (p < 0.05). The blood malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the catalase and SOD-1 activities in adipose tissue were reduced significantly by the OLE treatment compared to HFC as well (p < 0.05). In epididymal adipose tissue, the OLE treatment reduced the mRNA expression of leptin, PPAR-γ and FAS significantly (p < 0.05) compared to HFC while it increased adiponectin expression (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: OLE consumption has potent antioxidant and antiobesity activities via the suppression of oxidative stress and lipogenesis in DIO mice. Therefore, OLE could be a good candidate as a natural resource to develop functional food products that prevent obesity and oxidative stress.

LA GOBERNANZA AMBIENTAL EN LAS ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS MEXICANAS: UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE EL ENFOQUE DEL CAPITAL SOCIAL ESTRUCTURAL / ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN MEXICAN PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS: A REFLECTION FROM THE APPROACH OF STRUCTURAL SOCIAL CAPITAL

En este trabajo se realizan algunas reflexiones sobre los recursos sociales que facilitan la construcción de estructuras de gobernanza ambiental para la gestión de las áreas naturales protegidas ­ANP­. Ante la presencia dominante del Estado en estos territorios, el objetivo es identificar los mecanismos sociales que pueden facilitar la vinculación de los actores sociales a favor de estructuras sociales descentralizadas. Se enfatiza en el enfoque del capital social estructural como marco de análisis de las redes y los patrones de organización social. Si bien se señala la presencia de comunidades fuertes que gestionan los recursos de las áreas naturales protegidas, se destaca la necesidad de construir estructuras sociales complejas basadas en la vinculación de actores sociales de escalas y territorialidades distintas que faciliten los procesos de gobernanza ambiental. Se presenta una visión positiva y causal en torno al capital social estructural y la gobernanza; no obstante, se identifican algunas limitantes de dicho enfoque como marco de análisis para la comprensión de las relaciones sociales en territorios complejos como las áreas naturales protegidas. Metodológicamente este trabajo responde a un proceso de revisión bibliográfica y a un análisis de tipo inductivo donde el insumo principal es la evidencia empírica obtenida en trabajos previos realizados por las autoras. El análisis del capital social estructural desde el enfoque estructural puede dar cuenta de la morfología de las relaciones, no así de los vínculos entre actores sociales como un conjunto de relaciones de conflicto, tensiones y desacuerdos; de ahí que se proponen otras perspectivas.

Some reflections on social resources that facilitate the construction of environmental governance structures for the management of protected areas (PA) are made in this paper. Given the dominant presence of the State in these territories, the objective is to identify the social mechanisms that can facilitate the linking of social actors in favor of decentralized social structures. Emphasis is placed on the approach of structural social capital as a framework for analyzing networks and patterns of social organization. Although, the presence of strong communities that manage the resources of protected natural areas is highlighted, the need to build complex social structures based on the linking of social actors of different scales and territorialities that facilitate environmental governance processes. A positive and causal vision around social capital and governance is presented. However, some limitations of this approach are identified as an analytical framework for the understanding of social relations in complex territories such as natural protected areas. Methodologically, this work responds to a process of literature review and to an inductive type analysis where the main input is the empirical evidence obtained in previous studies carried out by the authors. The analysis of the structural social capital from the structural approach can account for the morphology of relationships, but not for the links between social actors as a set of conflict relationships, tensions and disagreements, hence other perspective are proposed.

Longevity and Stress Resistant Property of 6-Gingerol from Zingiber officinale Roscoe in Caenorhabditis elegans

In order to discover lifespan-extending compounds made from natural resources, activity-guided fractionation of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) ethanol extract was performed using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. The compound 6-gingerol was isolated from the most active ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and showed potent longevity-promoting activity. It also elevated the survival rate of worms against stressful environment including thermal, osmotic, and oxidative conditions. Additionally, 6-gingerol elevated the antioxidant enzyme activities of C. elegans, and showed a dose-depend reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in worms. Further studies demonstrated that the increased stress tolerance of 6-gingerol-mediated worms could result from the promotion of stress resistance proteins such as heat shock protein (HSP-16.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-3). The lipofuscin levels in 6-gingerol treated intestinal worms were decreased in comparison to the control group. No significant 6-gingerol-related changes, including growth, food intake, reproduction, and movement were noted. These results suggest that 6-gingerol exerted longevity-promoting activities independently of these factors and could extend the human lifespan.

Conhecimentos ecológicos indígenas e recursos naturais: a descolonização inacabada / Conocimientos ecológicos indígenas y recursos naturales: la descolonización inacabada / Indigenous ecological knowledge and natural resources: unfinished decolonization

Este trabalho pretende ressaltar o conhecimento indígena tradicional ante o conhecimento eurocentrista em matéria de preservação da natureza e do patrimônio ambiental. Ante a atual crise ambiental, o resgate do conhecimento ecológico indígena aparece como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento diante das ineficazes fórmulas de acumulação, vestígios do colonialismo. O sistema interamericano de proteção de direitos humanos tem contribuído com um reconhecimento dos direitos coletivos dos povos indígenas sobre suas terras e recursos naturais. Esse reconhecimento contém em si mesmo a aceitação dos conhecimentos ecológicos indígenas, os quais poderão contribuir para o estabelecimento de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento.

This paper aims to highlight traditional indigenous knowledge vis-à-vis Eu-rocentric knowledge regarding the conservation of nature and the preservation of the environmental heritage. Considering the environmental crisis, the validation of indigenous ecological knowledge appears to be an alternative to development in face of the ineffective recipe of accumulation of goods and other vestiges of colonialism. The Inter-American System of Human Rights has recognized the collective rights of indigenous peoples on their land and natural resources. This recognition contains in itself an acceptance of the indigenous ecological knowledge, which could contribute to a new development model.

LC/MS-based Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from the Bark of Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Their Effects on Regulation of Adipocyte and Osteoblast Differentiation

Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Betulaceae), also known as Asian white birch, is an endemic medicinal tree, the bark of which has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In our continuing search for bioactive compounds from Korean natural resources, a phytochemical investigation of the bark of B. platyphylla var. japonica led to the isolation of 7-oxo-β-sitosterol (1) and soyacerebroside I (2) from its ethanol extract as main components by liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. The structures of isolates were identified by comparison of ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data and physical data with the previously reported values and LC/MS analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the isolated compounds, 7-oxo-β-sitosterol and soyacerebroside I, were isolated in B. platyphylla var. japonica. We examined the effects of the isolates on the regulation of adipocytes and osteoblast differentiation. These isolates (1 and 2) produced fewer lipid droplets compared to the untreated negative control in Oil Red O staining of the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line without altering the amount of alkaline phosphatase staining. The results demonstrated that both compounds showed marginal inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation but did not affect osteoblast differentiation.

Justiça espacial e justiça socioambiental: uma primeira aproximação / Space justice and socio-environmental justice: a first approximation

Neste artigo discute-se como as teorias de justiça espacial e justiça socioambiental podem convergir na busca de análises que desvendem a estrutura urbana contemporânea. Para tal, ele inicia com uma retomada do conceito de justiça, parte para analisar o urbano no mundo atual, com destaque para países de urbanização acelerada, que mais expressam a desigualdade social. Depois analisa como justiça espacial e justiça socioambiental podem aportar ideias para a interpretação do fenômeno urbano e suas desigualdades.(AU)

In this article we discuss how spatial and social-environmental justice can converge in the quest for analyses to unveil contemporary urban structure. To this end, it reexamines the concept of justice, partly to analyze the urban milieu in today's world, especially in rapidly urbanizing countries, where social inequality is more pronounced. It then analyzes how spatial and social-environmental justice can provide ideas for the interpretation of the urban phenomenon and its inequalities.(AU)

O paradoxo da abundância: recursos naturais e desenvolvimento na América Latina / The paradox of abundance: natural resources and development in Latin America

O objetivo geral deste artigo é identificar e interpretar potencialidades e riscos da maior concentração da estrutura produtiva em setores intensivos em recursos naturais. Como objetivo mais específico, procura-se verificar se as condições atuais da economia global criaram oportunidades para uma estratégia de desenvolvimento baseada em recursos naturais para os países da América Latina. A presença global da China, a revolução das TIC e a globalização consolidaram um quadro de mudanças que podem redefinir as possibilidades da estrutura produtiva baseada em recursos naturais. Os países da região devem se preparar para fugir das armadilhas que afetaram países produtores de commodities no passado. Um ponto central da questão do desenvolvimento baseado em recursos naturais diz respeito ao desafio colocado para as instituições e principalmente para o Estado.(AU)

The purpose of this article is to identify and interpret the potential and risks of a more concentrated production structure in natural resources-intensive industries. In particular, it attempts to assess if the current conditions of the global economy have created opportunities for a development strategy based on natural resources in Latin America. The global presence of China, the ICT revolution and globalization have consolidated a framework of change that can redefine the possibilities of a productive structure based on natural resources. Latin American countries must be prepared to avoid the pitfalls that affected commodities-producing countries in the past. A central point of development based on natural resources is the challenge to institutions and especially to the State.(AU)

Evaluación de las vulnerabilidades y potencialidades del paisaje en el municipio de Sacapulas, Quiché, Guatemala / The assessment of vulnerabilities and landscape potentials in the municipality of Sacapulas, Quiche, Guatemala

El departamento de El Quiché forma parte de un corredor seco, el cual limita sus capacidades agrícolas y de desarrollo, al mismo tiempo que posee importantes remanentes de arquitectura residencial tradicional rural de adobe y teja asociados al paisaje del altiplano con elementos representativos del bosque seco y especies endémicas. Estos remanentes han ido desapareciendo y ya son escasos en el país. El presente estudio determinó la vulnerabilidad paisajística desde un enfoque multidisciplinario, por medio de una investigación práctica explicativa. El resultado obtenido fue conocer la vulnerabilidad paisajística del municipio de Sacapulas recabada en cartografía georreferenciada, como una herramienta relevante para la toma de decisiones para proteger y/o potenciar el uso del paisaje con un enfoque de valoración patrimonial y de desarrollo sostenible. Se utilizó para análisis de paisaje la determinación de unidades de características homogéneas y áreas de visibilidad asociada al relieve desde un eje ubicado en la carretera principal, el método de análisis se organizó en tres niveles: (1) elementos primarios de la percepción, (2) de la percepción elaborados para el diagnóstico y (3) de la percepción para la toma de decisión. Dicho proceso utiliza como base cartografía digital georreferenciada. Se obtuvo un mapeo de vulnerabilidad visual y paisajística. El principal resultado es la cartografía que indica las áreas con mayor vulnerabilidad paisajística la cual permite a instituciones y tomadores de decisiones tomar en cuenta el valor paisajístico que esta puede tener en cuanto a ser intervenida en cualquier momento.

The department of El Quiché is part of a dry corridor, which limits its agricultural and development capabilities, at the same time it has important remnants of traditional rural residential architecture of adobe and tile associated with the highland landscape with representative elements of the dry forest and endemic species. These remnants have been disappearing and are already scarce in the country. The present study determined the landscape vulnerability from a multidisciplinary approach, through an explanatory practical investigation. The result obtained was to know the landscape vulnerability of the municipality of Sacapulas collected in geo-referenced cartography, as a relevant tool for making decisions to protect and / or enhance the use of the landscape with a focus on patrimonial valuation and sustainable development. The determination of units with homogeneous characteristics and visibility areas associated with the survey from the main location was used for landscape analysis, the analysis method was organized into three levels: (1) primary elements of perception, (2) perception elaborated for the diagnosis and (3) of the perception for the decision making. This process uses georeferenced digital cartography as a base. A mapping of visual and landscape vulnerability was obtained. The main result is the cartography that indicates the areas with greater landscape vulnerability that allows institutions and decision makers to take into account the landscape value that it can have as soon as it is intervened at any time.

Resource use by two electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) of the National Forest Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná, Pará

Fishes of the order Gymnotiformes have high diversity of oral and head morphology, which suggests trophic specializations within each clade. The aim of this study was to describe resource use patterns by two fish species (Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni and Gymnotus coropinae) in the National Forest Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná - Pará, analyzing microhabitat use, diet composition, feeding strategies, niche breadth and niche overlap. Stomach contents of 101 individuals (41 G. rondoni and 60 G. coropinae), sampled in 23 headwater streams were analyzed and volume of food items was quantified to characterize their feeding ecology. Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni was captured mainly on sandy bottoms, whereas G. coropinae in crevices. Both species had a zoobenthivorous diet and consumed predominantly Sediment/Detritus and Diptera larvae, but also included allochthonous prey in their diet. These species had high niche overlap, with small variations related to the higher consumption of Ceratopogonidae larvae by G. rondoni and of Chironomidae larvae by G. coropinae. Both species had a generalist feeding strategy, but G. coropinae had a broader niche breadth. Our results demonstrate that G. rondoni and G. coropinae occupy different microhabitats but rely on similar food resources.(AU)

Peixes da ordem Gymnotiformes apresentam alta diversidade morfológica, o que sugere a existência de especializações tróficas dentro dos clados. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso de recursos por duas espécies de peixes elétricos (Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni e Gymnotus coropinae) na Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná - Pará, analisando o uso de microhabitats, composição da dieta, estratégias alimentares, amplitude de nicho e sobreposição de nicho. Conteúdos estomacais de 101 indivíduos (41 G. rondoni e 60 G. coropinae), capturados em 23 igarapés de cabeceira, foram analisados e quantificados volumetricamente para a caracterização da ecologia trófica. Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni foi registrada principalmente em bancos de areia, enquanto G. coropinae em fendas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram dieta zoobentívora e consumiram predominantemente sedimento/detritos e larvas de Diptera, mas também consumiram presas alóctones. Foi observada alta sobreposição de nicho trófico e a baixa variação encontrada foi relacionada à maior utilização de larvas de Chironomidae por G. rondoni e de larvas de Ceratopogonidae por G. coropinae. Ambas as espécies apresentaram estratégia alimentar generalista, porém G. coropinae apresentou maior amplitude de nicho. Nossos resultados demonstram que G. rondoni e G. coropinae ocupam microhabitats diferentes, mas dependem de recursos alimentares similares.(AU)